Утилитаризм в России

doi:10.31119/jssa.2019.22.4.1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2019.22.4.1

Елена Яркова Тюменский государственный университет, Тюмень, Россия mimus.lena@mail.ru

Для цитирования

Яркова Е. Утилитаризм в России. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 22(4): 7-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2019.22.4.1

Аннотация

The article is devoted to the history of utilitarianism in Russia. The subject of the study is not only the ethical and philosophical tradition, but the idea of utilitarianism, which received in the works of Russian thinkers a variety of interpretations and, in one way or another, predetermined the socialist path of development of Russian society in the XX century and the post-socialist social realities of Russia of the XXI century. The history of utilitarianism in Russia has been studied in extremely fragmentary ways. The absence of a generalizing history of utilitarianism in Russia can be seen as a serious gap that needs to be filled. The purpose of the article is to show a complete picture of the development of utilitarianism in Russia, in comparison with its Western counterpart, thereby contributing to the understanding of the role of utilitarianism in the development of Russian society. “Intellectual history”, “history of ideas” –– the sphere of knowledge aimed at studying the processes of genesis and evolution of human ideas and their impact on people's lives is chosen as the paradigmatic basis of the study. The heuristic potential of this approach seems to be quite significant. First, by removing disciplinary boundaries and developing interdisciplinary approaches that combine anthropology, sociology, literature, philosophy, religious studies, political science, etc. Secondly, by including in the subject field of research not only, relatively speaking, true, but also false ideas-misconceptions, stereotypes, etc. The article reconstructs the principles of classical utilitarianism; exhibits its modifications in the XX and XXI centuries; traces the history of utilitarianism in Russia; examines the criticism of utilitarianism. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the original collectivist version of utilitarianism formed By N.G. Chernyshevsky, D.I. Pisarev, P.N. Tkachev. The author demonstrates the counter productivity of this version, which played the role of a social scenario, the implementation of which sent Russian society to a dead end path of development. In addition, the later versions of Russian utilitarianism –– the concept of utilitarianism by A.S. Akhiezer, which synthesizes both Western and Russian utilitarianism, are analyzed. The scientific significance of the study of the history of utilitarianism in Russia is obvious — as such, it helps to understand the value-semantic foundations of Russian society in their statics and dynamics.

Литература

Akhiezer A.S. (1998) Rossiya: kritika istoricheskogo opyta (Sociokul'turnaya dinamika Rossii). T. 2. Teoriya i metodologiya. Slovar’ [Russia: critique of historical experience (Sociocultural dynamics of Russia). Vol. 2. Theory and methodology. Dictionary]. Novosibirsk: Sibirskiy khronograf (in Russian).

Apresyan R.G. (1995) Ideya morali i bazovye normativno-ehticheskie programmy [The idea of morality and basic normative-ethical programs]. Moscow: IFRAN (in Russian).

Artemyeva T.V., Mikeshin M.I. (eds.) (1999) Filosofskij vek. Al'manah. Vyp. 9. Nauka o morali: J. Bentham i Rossiya [Philosophical age. Almanac. Issue. 9. The science of morality: J. Bentham and Russia]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).

Barrow R. (2010) Plato, utilitarianism and education. London; New York: Routledge.

Beigbeder F.B (2008) Ideal [Ideal]. Moscow: Inostranka (in Russian).

Bentham J. (2000) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, printed in 1781 and published in 1789. Kitchener: Batoche Books.

Berdyaev N.A. (2008) Russkaya ideya [Russian idea]. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-Klassika (in Russian).

Borokh L.N. (2007) Idei evropejskogo utilitarizma v traktovke Lyan Cichao [Ideas of European utilitarianism in the interpretation of Liang Qichao]. In: Obshchestvo i gosudarstvo v Kitae: XXXLII nauchnaya konferenciya: K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya L.I. Dumana [Society and state in China: XXXLII scientific conference: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Li Duman]. In-t vostokovedeniya; sost. i otv. red. S.I. Blyumkhen. Moscow: Vostochnaya literetura: 168–171 (in Russian).

Brandt R.A. (1998) Theory of the Good and the Right. Revised edition. Foreword by P. Singer. Oxford: Prometheus Book.

Chernyshevskiy N.G. (1950) Polnoe sobranie sochinenij [Complete works]. Vol. 7. Moscow: GIKHL (in Russian).

Chicherin B.N. (1894) Osnovaniya logiki i metafiziki [Bases of logic and metaphysics]. Moscow: tipolit. t-va I.N. Kushnerev i Ko (in Russian).

Durkheim E. (1994) Samoubiystvo. Sotsiologicheskiy etyud [Suicide. A study in sociology]. Moscow: Mysl’ (in Russian).

Eggleston B., Miller D.E. (eds.) (2014) The Cambridge Companion to utilitarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis B. (1981) Retrospective and Prospective Utilitarianism. Nous, 15(3): 325–339.

Feldman F. (1997) Utilitarianism, Hedonism, and Desert: Essays in Moral Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Frank S.L. (1923) Vvedenie v filosofiyu. Vtoroe ispravlennoe izdanie [Introduction to philosophy]. Berlin: Obelisk (in Russian).

Gouldner A. (2003) Nastupayushchij krizis zapadnoj sociologii [The coming crisis of Western sociology]. St. Petersburg: Nauka (in Russian).

Guseynov A.A., Apresyan R.G. (2000) Ehtika: Uchebnik [Ethics: A Textbook]. Moscow: Gardariki (in Russian).

Hare R.M. (1981) Moral Thinking. Its Levels, Method and Point. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hauskeller M. (2011) No Philosophy for Swine: John Stuart Mill on the Quality of Pleasures. Utilitas, 23: 428–446.

Kantor V.K. (2014) Chto znachil razumnyj ehgoizm Chernyshevskogo v obshchinnoj strane? [What do you mean rational egoism Chernyshevsky community in the country?]. Voprosy filosofii [Questions of philosophy], 3: 95–103 (in Russian).

Kashnikov B.N. (2005) Marksizm kak radikal'naya kritika liberal'noj spravedlivosti. [Marxism as a radical criticism of liberal justice]. Voprosy filosofii [Questions of philosophy], 6: 37–49 (in Russian).

Khomyakov A.S. (1994) Soch. v dvukh tomakh. Tom. 2. [Works in two volumes]. Moscow: Medium (in Russian).

Kon I.S. (ed.) (1981) Slovar po etike [Dictionary of ethics]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).

Kozminykh E.S. (2014) Klassicheskij liberalizm J.St. Millya v vospriyatii otechestvennyh liberalov «Vestnika Evropy» [Classical liberalism of John. St. Mill in the perception of domestic liberals “Bulletin of Europe”]. In: Aktual'nye teoreticheskie i prakticheskie voprosy razvitiya yuridicheskoj nauki: obshchegosudarstvennyj i regional'nyj aspekty [Actual theoretical and practical issues of legal science: national and regional aspects], 1: 57–73 (in Russian).

Kulikova N.N., Medzgova Y. (1986) Etika utilitarizma i sovremennaya borba idej [The ethics of utilitarianism and the modern struggle of ideas]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Universiteta druzhby narodov (in Russian).

Laval K. (2010) Cнelovek ekonomicheskij. Esse o proiskhozhdenii neoliberalizma. [Man economic. Essays on the origins of neoliberalism]. Transl. S. Ryndina. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie (in Russian).

Levenson P.Y. (1893). Bekkaria i Bentam: ikh zhizn' i obshchestvennaya deyatel'nost'. Biograficheskie ocherki [Beccaria and Bentham: their life and social activities. Biographical sketch]. St. Petersburg: tip. tov-va «Obshchestvennaya pol'za» (in Russian).

Lovejoy A. (2001) Velikaya tsep bytiya: Istoriya idei [The great chain of being: the Story of an idea]. Moscow: Dom intellektual'noj knigi (in Russian).

Lunacharskiy A.V. (1965) Sochineniya. V 8 t. T. 6. [Works: in 8 vol. Vol. 6.] Moscow: Hudozhestvennaya literatura (in Russian).

Maltsev A.P. (1879) Nravstvennaya filosofiya utilitarizma. Istoriko-kriticheskoe issledovanie [Moral philosophy of utilitarianism. Historical and critical research]. St. Petersburg: tip. F.G. Eleonskogo i K° (in Russian).

Merezhkovskiy D.S. (2007) Vechnye sputniki. Portrety iz vsemirnoj literatury [Eternal companion. Portraits from world literature]. St. Petersburg: Nauka (in Russian).

Mill J.S. (1871) Utilitarianism, fourth edition. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer.

Milyukov P. (1898). Glavnye techeniya russkoj istoricheskoj mysli [The main currents of Russian historical thought]. Vol. 1. Moscow: tip. t-va I.N. Kushnerova i Ko (in Russian).

Moore G.E. (1922) Philosophical studies. L.: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.

Odoevskiy V.F. (1975) Russkie nochi [Russian nights]. Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).

Paley W. (1832) The principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. Boston: N.H. Whitaker.

Pareto V. (2016) Uchebnik politicheskoj ekonomii [Textbook of political economy]. Moscow: RIOR; INFRA-M (in Russian).

Parsons T. (2000) O strukture social'nogo dejstviya [On the structure of social action]. Moscow: Akademproekt (in Russian).

Pearse D. (1995) The Hedonistic Imperative [https://www.hedweb.com/hedab.htm] (accessed: 20.08.2018).

Pisarev D.I. (1939) Literaturno-kriticheskie stat'i (izbrannye) [Literary Critical Articles (Selected)]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennennoe izdatel'stvo hudozhestvennoj literatury (in Russian).

Pisarev D.I. (1956) Realisty [Realists]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennennoe izdatel'stvo hudozhestvennoj literatury (in Russian).

Pisarev D.I. (1989) Istoricheskie eskizy. Izbrannye stat'i [Historical sketches. Selected articles]. Moscow: Pravda (in Russian).

Pokrovskiy P. (1916) Bentam i ego vremya [Bentham and his time]. St. Petersburg: tipografiya A.E. Kollins (in Russian).

Pososhkov I.T. (1951) Kniga o skudosti i bogatstve i drugie sochineniya [The book on scarcity and wealth and other works]. Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR (in Russian).

Pypin A.N. (1869) Russkie otnosheniya Bentama [Russian relations of Bentham]. Vestnik Evropy, 1(2): 784–819; 2(4): 730–788 (in Russian).

Rawls J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Ms.: Harvard University Press.

Rozanov V.V. (2015) Tsel chelovecheskoy zhizni [The purpose of human life]. Moscow: Direkt-Media (in Russian).

Rudnitskaya E.L. (1992) Russkij blankizm: Petr Tkachev [The Russian Blanquism: Peter Tkachev]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

Savulescu J., Birks D. (2012) Bioethics: Utilitarianism. Chichester, UK: eLS, John Wiley and Sons. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0005891.pub2.

Schweitzer A. (1971) Ausgew?hlte Werke. Berlin: Union Verlag.

Shakhmatov B.M. (1981) P.N. Tkachev: Etyudy k tvorcheskomu portretu [P.N. Tkachev: Sketches for creative portrait]. Moscow: Mysl’ (in Russian).

Shreyber V.K. (1976) Lichnost' i obshchestvo v anglijskom utilitarizme (I. Bentam, D. S. Mill') [The individual and society in the English utilitarianism (J. Bentham, J.S. Mill)]. Moscow: MGU (in Russian).

Shreyder Y.A. (1998) Ehtika [Ethics]. Moscow: Tekst (in Russian).

Sidgwick H. (1981) The Methods of Ethics. 7th ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.

Singer P. (1977) Animal Liberation. New York: Avon Books.

Singer P. (1993) Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smart J.J. (1958) Negative Utilitarianism. Mind, 67: 542–543.

Smart J.J. (1973) An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics. In: Smart J.J., Williams B.O. Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smart J.J. (1986) Utilitarianism and its applications. New Directions in Ethics. New York: Oxford Press.

Solovyev V.S. (1988) Sochineniya v dvuh tomah [Works in two volumes]. Vol.1Moscow: Mysl’ (in Russian).

Stasnick S. (1981) Neo-Utilitarian Ethics and the Ordinal Representation Assumption. In: J.C. Pitt (ed.) Philosophy in Economics: Papers Deriving from and Related to a Workshop of Testability and Explanation in Economics. Boston: D. Reidel: 63–92.

Strakhov N.N. (2010) Borba s Zapadom [Fighting the West]. Moscow: Institut russkoj civilizacii (in Russian).

Tarrant I., Tarrant J. (2004) Satisfied Fools: Using J.S. Mill’s Notion of Utility to Analyse the Impact of Vocationalism in Education within a Democratic Society. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 38(1): 107–120.

Tatishchev V.N. (1887) Razgovor o pol'ze nauk i uchilishch [Talk about the benefits of science and schools]. Moscow: Universitetskaya tipografiya (in Russian).

Tkachev P.N. (1975) Utilitarnyj princip nravstvennoj filosofii [Utilitarian principle of moral philosophy]. Sochineniya v 2-kh tomah. T. 2. [Works in 2 volumes]. Moscow: Mysl’ (in Russian).

Tugan-Baranovskiy M.I. (1892) J.St. Mill. Ego zhizn' i ucheno-literaturnaya deyatel'nost'. [J.St. Mill. His life and scientific and literary activity]. St. Petersburg: tipografiya tovarishchestva «Obshchestvennaya pol'za» (in Russian).

Yarkova E.N. (2001) Utilitarizm kak tip kul'tury [Utilitarianism as a type of culture]. Novosibirsk: Sibirskiy khronograf (in Russian).

Yasin E. (2007) Modernizaciya i obshchestvo [Modernization and society]. Voprosy ekonomiki [Economic Issues], 5(24): 4–27 (in Russian).