Adaptation practices of forced migrants: a comparative study of Russian emigrants in Georgia and Germany in 2022–2023
Научная статья
Выражение признательности
Статья подготовлена в результате проведения исследования в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» (НИУ ВШЭ)
Для цитирования
Легут К.Д.(2026) Adaptation practices of forced migrants: a comparative study of Russian emigrants in Georgia and Germany in 2022–2023. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 29(1): 118–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2026.29.1.5. EDN: AZKRKY
Аннотация
В 2022–2023 году россияне покидают родину в условиях экономической нестабильности, высокой напряжённости на международной политической арене, закрытого воздушного пространства для российских самолётов и отмены упрощённого порядка получения Шенгенских виз. Целью данного исследования является описание адаптационных практик российских эмигрантов, покинувших страну в этих обстоятельствах. Эмпирическую базу данного исследования составили 16 интервью с россиянами, которые эмигрировали в Грузию или Германию в период с 2022 по 2023 год. Проведённый анализ показал, что наиболее успешные выявленные адаптационные практики включают принадлежность к сообществу и участие в деятельности, которую эмигранты считают для себя значимой. Был выявлен ряд особенностей адаптации эмигрантов в двух странах. Вынужденный характер миграции становится причиной выбора страны с более простыми условиями въезда – однако затем адаптация в таких случаях проходит менее успешно. Переезжая в страну, для въезда в которую необходима подготовка, информанты адаптируются лучше, имея более чёткий образ своего будущего на новом месте. Так, в отличие от мигрантов в Германии, информанты из Грузии не планируют оставаться в новой стране: такая установка становится причиной их изоляции в русскоязычном сообществе, а их представление о своём будущем довольно туманно – эти обстоятельства понижают их общий уровень адаптации.
Ключевые слова:
эмиграция, адаптационные практики, российские эмигранты, Германия, Грузия
Литература
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Bakewell O. (2021) Unsettling the boundaries between forced and voluntary migration. In: Handbook on the Governance and Politics of Migration: 124-136.
Baranova V., Chigaleichik E., Podolsky V., Kuleshova A. (2023) Russian Migration to Armenia and Georgia in 2022: Enclave Economy and Local Employment. Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation. [https://caucasusedition.net/russian-migration-to-armenia-and-georgia-in-2022-enclave-economy-and-local-employment/] (accessed: 2.09.2025)
Cormoș V.C. (2022) The processes of adaptation, assimilation and integration in the country of migration: A psychosocial perspective on place identity changes. Sustainability, 14(16): 1-20.
CRRC Georgia (2022) Taking Georgians’ pulse. Findings from August 2022 Face to Face survey. National Democratic Institute (NDI) [https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Taking%20Georgians%E2%80%99%20pulse%20Findings%20from%20August%202022%20face%20to%20face%20survey%20%28English%29.pdf] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Darieva T., Golova T., Skibo D. (2023) Russian Migrants in Georgia and Germany: Activism in the Context of Russia’s War against Ukraine. ZOiS Report, 3: 1-34.
Erdal M.B., Oeppen C. (2020) Forced to leave? The discursive and analytical significance of describing migration as forced and voluntary. In Aspiration, desire and the drivers of migration, pp. 73-90
Galeotti M. (2023) Russia's Five-Day War: The Invasion of Georgia, August 2008 (Vol. 250). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Geiger M., Syrakvash V. (2023) Georgia as Transient Space and Talent Harbor for Russian and Belarusian IT Specialists. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 24(5): 957-978.
Gotlib A. (2000) Socio-economic adaptation of Russians: experience of combining quantitative and qualitative methodology in one separate study. Sotsiologiya: Metodologiya, metody, matematicheskie modeli [Sociology, Methodology, Methods, Mathematical Models], 12: 5–24 (in Russian).
Grzymała-Kazłowska A. (2015) The Role of Different Forms of Bridging Capital for Immigrant Adaptation and Upward Mobility. The Case of Ukrainian and Vietnamese Immigrants Settled in Poland. Ethnicities, 15(3): 460–490.
Gulina O. (2023) Emigration from Russia after 24 February 2022: main patterns and developments. Migration Observatory 2023-2024: 65-80.
Gunko M. (2022) “Russian imperial gaze”: Reflections from Armenia since the start of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict. Political Geography, 99: 1–3.
Inozemtsev V. (2023) The Exodus of the Century: A New Wave of Russian Emigration. Russie. Eurasie. Visions, 129: 1-29.
Kakachia K., Kandelaki S. (2022) The Russian Migration to Georgia: Threats or Opportunities? PONARS Eurasia Policy. [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/the-russian-migration-to-georgia-threats-or-opportunities/] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Kamalov E., Kostenko V., Sergeeva I., Zavadskaya M. (2022) Russia’s 2022 Anti-War Exodus: The Attitudes and Expectations of Russian Migrants. PONARS Eurasia, [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/russias-2022-anti-war-exodus-the-attitudes-and-expectations-of-russian-migrants/] (accessed: 2.09.2025)
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Khapsaeva D.V. (2023) “Upper Lars” in Network Media: Mechanism for the Formation of Social Solidarity and Self-Organization. Theory and Practice of Social Development, 6: 85–91 (in Russian).
Kızılbuğa E. (2006) Russian involvement in the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict [M.S. - Master of Science]. Middle East Technical University.
Korobkov A.V. (2022) Russia: The Migration Dimension of the War in Ukraine. Russian analytical digest, 288: 7-11.
Koser K., Martin S. (2011) The migration-displacement nexus. The migration–displacement nexus: Patterns, processes and policies, 1-13.
Krawatzek F., Sasse G. (2024) The Political Diversity of the New Migration from Russia since February 2022. ZOiS Report, 4: 1-21.
Levada Y. (1999) Adaptive Human. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskie i sotsialnye peremeny, 5: 7-17 (in Russian).
Lokosov V., Rybakovsky L. (eds.) (2014) Migration Processes in Russia. Moscow: Econ-Inform (in Russian).
Melkumyan Y., Melkonyan N. (2023) Immigration of Russian citizens to Armenia during the Russian-Ukrainian war that began in 2022: pull-push factors. Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 2(1): 137-147.
Ober K., Sakdapolrak P. (2017) How do social practices shape policy? Analysing the field of ‘migration as adaptation’ with Bourdieu's ‘Theory of Practice’. The Geographical Journal, 183(4): 359-369.
Petersen S. (2022) From Emperors to Refugees: Russian Emigration to Armenia and Georgia. New Eastern Europe, 4: 112–118.
Petersen W. (1958) A general typology of migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3): 256-266.
Phillimore J., Grzymala-Kazlowska A. (2017) Introduction: rethinking integration. New perspectives on adaptation and settlement in the era of super-diversity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(2): 1-17.
Prashizky A. (2023) "Living in limbo": Digital narratives of migrants fleeing Russia after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. First Monday, 28(6).
Sam D.L., Berry J.W. (2010) Acculturation: When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on psychological science, 5(4): 472-481.
Sergeeva I., Kamalov E. (2024) A Year and a Half in Exile: Progress and Obstacles in the Integration of Russian Migrants. OutRush. [https://cadmus.eui.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/51813aa3-c0e4-551b-80db-76b0e3d34417/content] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Slobin G. (2013) Russians Abroad: Literary and Cultural Politics of Diaspora (1919–1939). Boston: Academic Studies Press.
Tatarko A.N., Lebedeva N.M. (2023) Psychological adaptation of Russians in post-Soviet countries: the role of context. Population and Economics, 7(3): 1-24.
Terry G., Hayfield N., Clarke V., Braun V. (2017) Thematic Analysis. In: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. London: Sage: 17–36.
Tysiachniouk M., Konnov A. (2022) Relocation from Russia to Georgia: Environmentalists in Exile. Russian Analytical Digest, 288: 12-18.
Vorobeva E. (2022) How Putin's partial mobilization turned into total mobilization of migrants. Russian analytical digest, 288: 2-4.
Ager A., Strang A., O'May F., Garner P. (2002) Indicators of Integration. A Conceptual Analysis of Refugee Integration (Version 5.7). A report to the Home Office on behalf of Michael Bell Associates. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141195137.pdf] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Aleshkovski I., Grebenyuk A., Vorobyeva O. (2018) The Evolution of Russian Emigration in the Post-Soviet Period. Social Evolution & History, 17(2): 140–155.
Anderson B., Blinder S. (2011) Who counts as a migrant? Definitions and their consequences. Briefing, The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford.
Bakewell O. (2021) Unsettling the boundaries between forced and voluntary migration. In: Handbook on the Governance and Politics of Migration: 124-136.
Baranova V., Chigaleichik E., Podolsky V., Kuleshova A. (2023) Russian Migration to Armenia and Georgia in 2022: Enclave Economy and Local Employment. Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation. [https://caucasusedition.net/russian-migration-to-armenia-and-georgia-in-2022-enclave-economy-and-local-employment/] (accessed: 2.09.2025)
Cormoș V.C. (2022) The processes of adaptation, assimilation and integration in the country of migration: A psychosocial perspective on place identity changes. Sustainability, 14(16): 1-20.
CRRC Georgia (2022) Taking Georgians’ pulse. Findings from August 2022 Face to Face survey. National Democratic Institute (NDI) [https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Taking%20Georgians%E2%80%99%20pulse%20Findings%20from%20August%202022%20face%20to%20face%20survey%20%28English%29.pdf] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Darieva T., Golova T., Skibo D. (2023) Russian Migrants in Georgia and Germany: Activism in the Context of Russia’s War against Ukraine. ZOiS Report, 3: 1-34.
Erdal M.B., Oeppen C. (2020) Forced to leave? The discursive and analytical significance of describing migration as forced and voluntary. In Aspiration, desire and the drivers of migration, pp. 73-90
Galeotti M. (2023) Russia's Five-Day War: The Invasion of Georgia, August 2008 (Vol. 250). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Geiger M., Syrakvash V. (2023) Georgia as Transient Space and Talent Harbor for Russian and Belarusian IT Specialists. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 24(5): 957-978.
Gotlib A. (2000) Socio-economic adaptation of Russians: experience of combining quantitative and qualitative methodology in one separate study. Sotsiologiya: Metodologiya, metody, matematicheskie modeli [Sociology, Methodology, Methods, Mathematical Models], 12: 5–24 (in Russian).
Grzymała-Kazłowska A. (2015) The Role of Different Forms of Bridging Capital for Immigrant Adaptation and Upward Mobility. The Case of Ukrainian and Vietnamese Immigrants Settled in Poland. Ethnicities, 15(3): 460–490.
Gulina O. (2023) Emigration from Russia after 24 February 2022: main patterns and developments. Migration Observatory 2023-2024: 65-80.
Gunko M. (2022) “Russian imperial gaze”: Reflections from Armenia since the start of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict. Political Geography, 99: 1–3.
Inozemtsev V. (2023) The Exodus of the Century: A New Wave of Russian Emigration. Russie. Eurasie. Visions, 129: 1-29.
Kakachia K., Kandelaki S. (2022) The Russian Migration to Georgia: Threats or Opportunities? PONARS Eurasia Policy. [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/the-russian-migration-to-georgia-threats-or-opportunities/] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Kamalov E., Kostenko V., Sergeeva I., Zavadskaya M. (2022) Russia’s 2022 Anti-War Exodus: The Attitudes and Expectations of Russian Migrants. PONARS Eurasia, [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/russias-2022-anti-war-exodus-the-attitudes-and-expectations-of-russian-migrants/] (accessed: 2.09.2025)
Kamalov E., Nugumanova K., Sergeeva I. (2025) On the Move: Mobility, Integration, and Dynamics of Russian Emigration in 2022-2024. OutRush. [outrush.io/report_march_2025_eng] (accessed: 2.09.2025)
Kamalov E., Sergeeva I., Zavadskaya M., Kostenko V. (2023) Six Months in Exile: A New Life of Russian Emigrants. OutRush. [https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/epn2c_v1] (accessed: 2.09.2025)
Khapsaeva D.V. (2023) “Upper Lars” in Network Media: Mechanism for the Formation of Social Solidarity and Self-Organization. Theory and Practice of Social Development, 6: 85–91 (in Russian).
Kızılbuğa E. (2006) Russian involvement in the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict [M.S. - Master of Science]. Middle East Technical University.
Korobkov A.V. (2022) Russia: The Migration Dimension of the War in Ukraine. Russian analytical digest, 288: 7-11.
Koser K., Martin S. (2011) The migration-displacement nexus. The migration–displacement nexus: Patterns, processes and policies, 1-13.
Krawatzek F., Sasse G. (2024) The Political Diversity of the New Migration from Russia since February 2022. ZOiS Report, 4: 1-21.
Levada Y. (1999) Adaptive Human. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskie i sotsialnye peremeny, 5: 7-17 (in Russian).
Lokosov V., Rybakovsky L. (eds.) (2014) Migration Processes in Russia. Moscow: Econ-Inform (in Russian).
Melkumyan Y., Melkonyan N. (2023) Immigration of Russian citizens to Armenia during the Russian-Ukrainian war that began in 2022: pull-push factors. Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 2(1): 137-147.
Ober K., Sakdapolrak P. (2017) How do social practices shape policy? Analysing the field of ‘migration as adaptation’ with Bourdieu's ‘Theory of Practice’. The Geographical Journal, 183(4): 359-369.
Petersen S. (2022) From Emperors to Refugees: Russian Emigration to Armenia and Georgia. New Eastern Europe, 4: 112–118.
Petersen W. (1958) A general typology of migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3): 256-266.
Phillimore J., Grzymala-Kazlowska A. (2017) Introduction: rethinking integration. New perspectives on adaptation and settlement in the era of super-diversity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(2): 1-17.
Prashizky A. (2023) "Living in limbo": Digital narratives of migrants fleeing Russia after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. First Monday, 28(6).
Sam D.L., Berry J.W. (2010) Acculturation: When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on psychological science, 5(4): 472-481.
Sergeeva I., Kamalov E. (2024) A Year and a Half in Exile: Progress and Obstacles in the Integration of Russian Migrants. OutRush. [https://cadmus.eui.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/51813aa3-c0e4-551b-80db-76b0e3d34417/content] (accessed: 30.08.2025)
Slobin G. (2013) Russians Abroad: Literary and Cultural Politics of Diaspora (1919–1939). Boston: Academic Studies Press.
Tatarko A.N., Lebedeva N.M. (2023) Psychological adaptation of Russians in post-Soviet countries: the role of context. Population and Economics, 7(3): 1-24.
Terry G., Hayfield N., Clarke V., Braun V. (2017) Thematic Analysis. In: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. London: Sage: 17–36.
Tysiachniouk M., Konnov A. (2022) Relocation from Russia to Georgia: Environmentalists in Exile. Russian Analytical Digest, 288: 12-18.
Vorobeva E. (2022) How Putin's partial mobilization turned into total mobilization of migrants. Russian analytical digest, 288: 2-4.
Статья
Поступила: 12.04.2025
Опубликована: 27.03.2026
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
ACM
[1]
Легут, К.Д. 2026. Adaptation practices of forced migrants: a comparative study of Russian emigrants in Georgia and Germany in 2022–2023. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. 29, 1 (мар. 2026), 118–148. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2026.29.1.5.
Раздел
Социология миграции
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