Аллородительство как фактор сохранения высокой рождаемости в Тропической Африке
Научная статья
Выражение признательности
Исследование выполнено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ в 2026 г. при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 24-18-00650)
Для цитирования
Устюжанин В.В., Зинькина Ю.В., Коротаев А.В.(2026) Аллородительство как фактор сохранения высокой рождаемости в Тропической Африке. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 29(1): 228–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2026.29.1.9. EDN: BPPEEH
Аннотация
Сохраняющаяся в странах Тропической Африки высокая рождаемость представляет собой своего рода аномалию, поскольку другие страны развивающегося мира при аналогичных значениях показателей социально-экономического развития имели более низкую рождаемость. Этот феномен получил в западной демографии название африканского пронатализма. Между тем отставание в снижении рождаемости обусловило заметную часть экономического отставания Африки в период после получения независимости, с чем связана высокая практическая значимость изучения африканского пронатализма, природа которого все еще не ясна полностью. Данное исследование ставит своей целью оценить вклад в это явление такого потенциального фактора, как аллородительство (участие в уходе и присмотре за ребенком лиц, не являющихся его родителями). Имеющиеся исследования показывают важность аллородительства для традиционных аграрных обществ. Однако в части влияния на рождаемость это явление изучено неполностью — основное внимание уделяется роли родителей женщины и ее старших детей, в то время как потенциальная роль других родственников остается сравнительно недоизученной. Между тем для стран Тропической Африки эта роль может является одним из элементов пронатализма, поскольку в этом регионе в силу исторического преобладания мотыжного земледелия, где основным работником в поле является женщина, поддержка многочисленных родственников может быть особенно значимой для облегчения женщине совмещения сельскохозяйственной работы и ухода за детьми. Оценивается распространенность расширенных семей и ее влияние на суммарный коэффициент рождаемости. Результаты показывают, что традиционное преобладание бесплужного/мотыжного земледелия положительно связано с распространением расширенных семей, которое, в свою очередь, действительно оказывает существенное положительное влияние на рождаемость. Это представляется частью объяснения «африканского пронатализма» и того, почему социально-экономическое развитие само по себе оказывает меньшее влияние на снижение рождаемости в данном регионе по сравнению с остальным развивающимся миром. Подчеркивается важность женского образования и других целенаправленных усилий по оптимизации рождаемости в регионе.
Ключевые слова:
Центральная Африка, рождаемость, аллородительство, расширенные семьи, мотыжное земледелие, бесплужное земледелие
Литература
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Hassan A., Lawson D. W., Page A. E., Sear R., Schaffnit S. B., Urassa M. (2025) Children's Caregiving and Growth in Northwestern Tanzania: Limited Evidence That Support From Specific Caregivers Is Associated With Better Growth. American Journal of Human Biology, 37(3): e70029. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70029.
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Ivey P.K. et al. (2005) Child caretakers among Efe foragers of the Ituri Forest. In: Hewlett B.S., Lamb M.E. (eds.) Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers: 191–213.
Jang H., Janmaat K. R., Kandza V., Boyette A. H. (2022) Girls in early childhood increase food returns of nursing women during subsistence activities of the BaYaka in the Republic of Congo. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 289(1987): 20221407. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1407.
Jang H., Ross C. T., Boyette A. H., Janmaat K. R., Kandza V., Redhead D. (2024) Women’s subsistence networks scaffold cultural transmission among BaYaka foragers in the Congo Basin. Science Advances, 10(2): eadj2543. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj2543.
Kebede E., Goujon A., Lutz W. (2019) Stalls in Africa’s fertility decline partly result from disruptions in female education. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(8): 2891–2896. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717288116.
Konner M. (2018) Nonmaternal care: a half-century of research. Physiology & Behavior, 193: 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.025.
Korotayev A., Zinkina J. (2014) How to optimize fertility and prevent humanitarian catastrophes in Tropical Africa. African Studies in Russia, 6: 94–107.
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Статья
Поступила: 07.08.2025
Опубликована: 27.03.2026
Форматы цитирования
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ACM
[1]
Устюжанин, В.В., Зинькина, Ю.В. и Коротаев, А.В. 2026. Аллородительство как фактор сохранения высокой рождаемости в Тропической Африке. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. 29, 1 (мар. 2026), 228–258. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2026.29.1.9.
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Эволюционная антропология
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